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|width = 265px }} The Irish Free State ((アイルランド語:Saorstát Éireann) (:sˠiːɾˠsˠˈt̪ˠaːt̪ˠ eːɾʲən̪ˠ); 6 December 192229 December 1937) was the state established in 1922 as a Dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations under the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed by British and Irish representatives exactly twelve months beforehand.〔(Anglo Irish Treaty (New York Times) ). The Irish signatories of the treaty were described in the treaty as the ''"Irish signatories"'' and the ''"Irish Delegation"''. There was no reference to the Government of the ''Irish Republic,'' so it would be inaccurate to describe the treaty as being between two Governments.〕〔http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html〕 As expected, Northern Ireland immediately exercised its right under the Treaty to remove itself from the new state. The Irish Free State effectively replaced both the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (founded 21 January 1919) and the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. W. T. Cosgrave, the first President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, had led both of these governments since August 1922. The Free State came to an end in 1937, when the citizens voted by plebiscite to adopt a new constitution. Under the new constitution the Irish state was named Ireland. ==Historical background== The Easter Rising of 1916, and particularly the execution of fifteen people by firing squad, the imprisonment or internment of hundreds more, and the imposition of martial law caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland.〔Marie Coleman, ''The Republican Revolution, 1916-1923'', Routledge, 2013, chapter 2 "The Easter Rising", pp. 26-8. ISBN 140827910X〕 Meanwhile, opposition increased to Ireland's participation in World War I in Europe and the Middle East. This came about when the Irish Parliamentary Party supported the Allied cause in World War I in response to the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill in 1914. Many people had begun to doubt whether the Bill, passed by Westminster in September 1914 but suspended for the duration of the war, would ever come into effect. Due to the war situation deteriorating badly on the Western Front in April 1918, which coincided with the publication of the final report and recommendations of the Irish Convention, the British Cabinet drafted a doomed "dual policy" of introducing Home Rule linked to compulsory military service for Ireland which it eventually had to drop. Sinn Féin, the Irish Party and all other Nationalist elements joined forces in opposition to the idea during the Conscription Crisis of 1918. At the same time the Irish Parliamentary lost in support on account of the crisis. Irish republicans felt further emboldened by successful anti-monarchical revolutions in the Russian Empire (1917), the German Empire (1918), and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1918). In the December 1918 General Election, Sinn Féin won a large majority of the Irish seats in the Westminster parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: 73 of the 105 constituencies returned Sinn Féin members (25 uncontested). The Sinn Féin party, founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905, had previously espoused non-violent separatism. Under Éamon de Valera's leadership from 1917, it campaigned aggressively and militantly for an Irish republic. On 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin MPs (who became known as ''Teachta Dála'', TDs), refusing to sit at Westminster, assembled in Dublin and formed a single-chamber Irish parliament called Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland). It affirmed the formation of an Irish Republic and passed a Declaration of Independence, the irish people is resolved...to promote the common weal, to re-establish justice ...with equal rights and equal opportunity for every citizen.and calling itself ''Saorstát Éireann'' in Irish. Although the less than overwhelming majority〔Lee,J.J, "Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society" (Cambridge 1989), p.41.〕 of Irish people accepted this course,〔Arthur Mitchell, "Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dail Eireann 1919-22" (Dublin 1995), p.17.〕 America〔Townshend, p.70.〕 and Soviet Russia〔Townshend, p.54〕 were targeted to recognise the Irish Republic internationally.〔Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, "Impressions of Sinn Fein in America" (Dublin 1919), cited by C Townshend, "The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence" (Penguin 2014), 66-8.〕 The Message to the Free Nations of the World called on every free nation to support the Irish Republic by recognizing Ireland's national status...the last outpost of Europe towards the West...demanded by the Freedom of the Seas.〔Macardle, Dorothy, "Irish Republic 1911-1923" (London 1937) Appendix 1, no.10.〕 Cathal Brugha elected President of the Ministry Pro-Tem warned, "Deputies you understand from this that we are now done with England."〔Brollay, Sylvain, "Ireland in Rebellion" (Dublin 1922) translated from articles written in 1920-1 entitled "L'Irlande Insurgee" Paris, 1921.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Irish Free State」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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